The Disintegration of the Family and Its Consequences

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The Theory of Positive Disintegration

past Kazimierz Dąbrowski.

Page presented past Bill Tillier.

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Kazimierz Dąbrowski MD, PhD.

Built-in: nine/ane/1902 Klarów, Poland       Died: xi/26/1980 Warsaw.

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■ 1. Introduction.

▣ ane.one What'south this all virtually?

Kazimierz Dąbrowski (1902-1980) developed the Theory of Positive Disintegration (TPD) to describe psychological development. Dąbrowski'due south approach is a forerunner of the modern field of post-traumatic growth research. Dąbrowski felt no existing theory of psychology could explain the wide differences seen in human behavior. TPD is a broad and complex approach, with many interrelated and unique constructs. Although in many ways unusual, TPD has a solid footing in philosophy, psychology and neurology. In amalgam TPD, Dabrowski reinterpreted existing psychological constructs and introduced new ones.

TPD has many potential applications, including in psychology, psychotherapy, education, philosophy, ethics, science, history, sociology, politics, and pastoral guidance.

Dąbrowski had an odd and complicated view of personality; he believed the boilerplate person has a group defined individuality, simply not a unique personality. Personality represents 1's deep essence (one's truthful, college cocky), and reflects the highest level of evolution — even so, personality is a rare achievement. Personality is defined as a self-enlightened, self-conscious, cocky-chosen, democratic, accurate, and self-confirmed unity of mental qualities. The self is positive, other-oriented, and selfless (the ego is defeated). Here, we see empathy, humility, responsibility, self-pedagogy, cocky-assessment, and cocky-command.

Dąbrowski did not define mental health by the presence or absence of symptoms. Mental health reflects people every bit they "ought to be," not as they are. It is defined past ideal, desirable, and accurate qualities.

Dąbrowski saw depression, self-doubtfulness and anxieties as critical parts of growth. Conflicts may lead to emotional, philosophical and existential crises. Crises challenge usa to review our life and create opportunities to reorder our priorities, to inhibit or drop some things, and heighten or add together other things.

Dąbrowski said nosotros should expect at our emotions and differentiate lower from higher emotions. Awareness of our higher emotions allows them to straight us toward authenticity, where intelligence serves emotions. Intellect without emotion is unbalanced development. Feelings and imagination let us see "the higher possibilities" and "what ought to be in life." Dąbrowski saw emotions and values as synonymous and said we must carefully evaluate our emotions to create, and/or cull, our ain unique bureaucracy of values.

Although we accept an animal heritage, nosotros have some uniquely human instincts that qualitatively separate us from animals; e. g., the developmental instinct, the creative, and self-perfection instincts.

Dąbrowski felt that psychological variables (east.g. intellect, instinct and emotion) are best understood, and must exist described, using a multi-level analysis. Many people see life simply on one level. Even so, reality consists of lower and higher levels that differ qualitatively. When we are able to see and compare psychological variables on lower and higher levels, it oftentimes creates conflicts over which we should choose. Over time, nosotros build a bureaucracy of choices that we are comfortable with. These "multilevel" views of ourselves, and of life, aid u.s.a. to see, and draw, reality more deeply and accurately.

Dąbrowski advisedly observed people and described five levels of psychological functions: the lowest and highest levels are integrations. An integration reflects the cohesive, interrelated processes that are the foundation of our psychological functions. These two integrations are quite different. At the lowest level, is a strong self-serving, lower, ego-based identity, focused on one'south own needs and reflecting social roles and mores; this is adjustment to "life as it is." This rigid integration curtails autonomy, simply also provides strong security. At the highest level, is an integration reflecting a unique and authentic personality. Information technology is a harmonious structure based on one'southward unique essence and values. Adjustment is to "life as information technology ought to be."

How do we develop from the lower to the higher level? In his research, Dąbrowski saw that people achieving personality testify a mutual path; they take many crises, oftentimes breaking apart the lower integration, thus allowing opportunities to rebuild a unique self. This process is guided by the development of ane'south personality platonic; a vision of one'south unique self and essence — of ane'southward best self. Once this prototype is seen, nosotros can brand twenty-four hours-to-day choices leading toward achieving our ideal.

Why is personality rare? Dąbrowski observed that people achieving personality show a group of common characteristics, linked to evolution, but non guaranteeing it. These "developmental potentials" consist of several psychological aspects that Dąbrowski believed are genetic. Not everyone has enough of these characteristics to reach full development. The most important of these characteristics involves nervous energy: Dąbrowski called it "overexcitability." People with overexcitabilities often have intense experiences in life, usually creating, and/or intensifying, crises. Overexcitabilities may impact our concrete free energy, the 5 senses, our imagination, our intellectual marvel, and our emotions — the virtually of import type. Some other fundamental characteristic is a strong inner bulldoze to express one's true self. Other energy factors include the mental factors that shape evolution by controlling beliefs — what Dąbrowski called dynamisms. Instincts, drives, and intellectual processes combined with emotions are dynamisms.

Conclusion: This is a complex but satisfying theory describing psychological evolution through crises.

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▣ 1.two What'south New?

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Dynamisms, Evolution, and Dispositions:

Essays in Accolade of Kazimierz Dabrowski.

A new book past Salvatore Mendaglio.

Available February 28, 2022. For more information:

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The Fifteenth International Dąbrowski Congress 2022

The Part of the Daniel L. Ritchie Endowed Chair in Gifted Education, Dr. Norma Hafenstein, The University of Denver, will host the Fifteenth International Dąbrowski Congress, in-person and with an online option, Monday-Tuesday, July 18-nineteen, 2022.

A small-scale block of hotel rooms is reserved at the Hilton Garden Inn Cherry Creek. Here is the link to reserve your hotel room (no charge today, free cancellation by vi pm the day of check in). The default hotel reservation dates are July 17-20, for a total of $494, merely the rate is good three days before and three days later on.

For more than information see: Website.

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Books of interest

Transcend: The New Science of Cocky-Appearing When psychologist Scott Barry Kaufman get-go discovered Maslow'due south unfinished theory of transcendence, sprinkled throughout a cache of unpublished journals, lectures, and essays, he felt a deep resonance with his ain work and life. In this groundbreaking volume, Kaufman picks upwardly where Maslow left off, unraveling the mysteries of his unfinished theory, and integrating these ideas with the latest research on zipper, connection, creativity, dear, purpose and other building blocks of a life well lived.

Amazon Link.

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Personality and Growth: A Humanistic Psychologist in the Classroom. In the winter of 1963-'64, American psychologist Abraham H. Maslow taught "Experiential Approaches to Personality" at Brandeis University. Personality & Growth: A Humanistic Psychologist in the Classroom contains the transcribed recordings of Maslow's remarkable work with his students.

Amazon Link.

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We are pleased to denote: Personality evolution through positive disintegration: The work of Kazimierz Dąbrowski. Past W. Tillier

This new publication presents a comprehensive overview of Kazimierz Dąbrowski's work and places information technology inside a gimmicky psychological context. This book will appeal to anyone interested in Dąbrowski'southward work.

Click here for a preview.

Amazon Link.

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Poradnia Psychologiczno-Pedagogiczna idd subsequently Professor Kazimierz Dąbrowski in Puławy

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▣ 1.3 4 seminal quotes set the stage:

1). "Personality: A self-enlightened, cocky-chosen, self-affirmed, and self-determined unity of essential private psychic qualities. Personality as defined hither appears at the level of secondary integration" (Dąbrowski, 1972, p. 301).

2). "The propensity for changing one's internal surround and the ability to influence positively the external environment indicate the capacity of the individual to develop. Almost every bit a rule, these factors are related to increased mental excitability, depressions, dissatisfaction with oneself, feelings of inferiority and guilt, states of feet, inhibitions, and ambivalences—all symptoms which the psychiatrist tends to label psychoneurotic. Given a definition of mental health as the development of the personality, nosotros can say that all individuals who present active development in the direction of a higher level of personality (including most psychoneurotic patients) are mentally salubrious" (Dąbrowski, 1964, p. 112).

3). "Intense psychoneurotic processes are peculiarly characteristic of accelerated evolution in its course towards the formation of personality. According to our theory accelerated psychic development is actually incommunicable without transition through processes of nervousness and psychoneuroses, without external and internal conflicts, without maladjustment to actual conditions in order to achieve aligning to a college level of values (to what 'ought to be'), and without conflicts with lower level realities every bit a event of spontaneous or deliberate choice to strengthen the bond with reality of higher level" (Dąbrowski, 1972, p. 220).

4). "Psychoneuroses 'peculiarly those of a higher level' provide an opportunity to 'have one'south life in one's own hands'. They are expressive of a bulldoze for psychic autonomy, peculiarly moral autonomy, through transformation of a more or less primitively integrated construction. This is a procedure in which the individual himself becomes an agile agent in his disintegration, and fifty-fifty breakdown. Thus the person finds a 'cure' for himself, not in the sense of a rehabilitation only rather in the sense of reaching a higher level than the one at which he was prior to disintegration. This occurs through a process of an education of oneself and of an inner psychic transformation. Ane of the chief mechanisms of this process is a continual sense of looking into oneself every bit if from outside, followed by a witting affirmation or negation of conditions and values in both the internal and external environments. Through the constant creation of himself, though the evolution of the inner psychic milieu and development of discriminating power with respect to both the inner and outer milieus—an private goes through ever college levels of 'neuroses' and at the same fourth dimension through e'er higher levels of universal development of his personality" (Dąbrowski, 1972, p. 4).

These quotes capture the heart of Dąbrowski'south Theory of Positive Disintegration. The theory describes a process of personality development—the creation of a unique, private personality.

Most people become socialized in their early on family unit and school experiences. They largely accept the values and mores of social club with picayune question and have no internal conflict in constant by the bones tenents of society. In some cases, a person begins to discover and to imagine 'higher possibilities' in life. These disparities are driven by overexcitability—an intense reaction to, and experience of the twenty-four hour period-to-solar day stimuli of life. Eventually, one'due south perception of reality becomes differentiated into a bureaucracy and all aspects of both external and internal life come to be evaluated on a vertical continuum of 'lower versus higher.' This feel often creates a series of deep and painful conflicts between lower, 'habitual' perceptions and reactions based on one's heredity and environment (socialization) and college, volitional 'possibilities.' In the developing individual, these conflicts may lead to disintegrations and psychoneuroses, for Dąbrowski, hallmarks of advanced growth. Eventually, through the processes of advanced development and positive disintegration, one is able to develop control over one's reactions and actions. Eventually, development culminates in the inhibition and extinction of lower levels of reality and beliefs and their transcendence via the cosmos of a higher, democratic and stable ideal self. The rote credence of social values yields to a critically examined and called hierarchy of values and aims that becomes a unique expression of the self—becoming one'southward personality ideal.

Dąbrowski acknowledged the strong and primitive influence of heredity (the first factor) and the robotic, dehumanizing (and de-individualizing) role of the social environment (the second factor). He also described a third factor of influence, a factor emerging from but surpassing heredity—"its action is democratic in relation to the first gene (hereditary) and the second (ecology) gene. It consists in a selective attitude with regard to the backdrop of one'due south own graphic symbol and temperament, equally well as, to environmental influences" (Dąbrowski, 1973, p. fourscore). The tertiary factor is initially expressed when a person begins to resist their lower impulses and the habitual responses feature of socialization. Emerging autonomy is reflected in conscious and volitional choices toward what a person perceives equally 'higher' in their internal and external milieus. Over time, this 'new' conscious shaping of the personality comes to reflect an individual 'personality ideal,' an integrated hierarchy of values describing the sense of whom one wants to be and how one wants to live life. With the new freedom and strength of the third factor, a person can see and avoid the lower in life and transcend to higher levels. The 'ought to be' of life can supersede 'the what is.' It is of import to realize that this is not just an actualization of oneself as is; it involves tremendous conscious piece of work in differentiating the college and lower in the self and in moving away from lower selfish and egocentric goals toward an idealized image of how 'you ought to exist.'

The idealized self is consciously constructed based on both emotional and cognitive foundations. Emotion and cognition become integrated and are reflected in a new approach to life—feelings direct and shape ideas, goals and ideals, ane's ideals work to limited one's feelings. imagination is a disquisitional component in this process—we tin literally imagine how it ought to be and how could be in this establishes ideals to try to attain.

Initially, people who are acting on low impulses or who are just robotically emulating society have little self conflict. Most conflicts are external. During development, the clash between i's actual behavior and surroundings and 1's imagined ethics creates a great deal of internal conflict. This conflict literally motivates the individual to resolve the situation, ideally by inhibiting those aspects he or she considers lower and by accentuating those aspects he or she considers higher. At the highest levels, there is a new harmony of idea, emotion and action that eliminates internal disharmonize. The individual is behaving in accordance with their own personality platonic and consciously derived value construction and therefore feels no internal conflict. Often a person's external focus shifts to 'making the world a improve identify.'

In describing development, Dąbrowski elaborated two qualitatively dissimilar experiences of life—unilevel and multileveled—divided into 5 levels. These two principal qualitatively different stages and types of life are the heteronomous, which is biologically and socially adamant (unilevel), and the autonomous, which is determined by the multilevel forces of higher development. Level I is heteronomous, aka unilevel. Level 3 and to a higher place, autonomous (multilevel). Level II is transitional, a brief intense time of unilevel crisis—a exam of character from which 1 normally will either regress or accelerate.

(Tillier)

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(Mika, 2002)

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▣ one.4 Be Greeted Psychoneurotics.*

Suffering, aloneness, self-doubt, sadness, inner disharmonize; these are our feelings that we have not learned to live with, that we have failed to capeesh, that we turn down every bit destructive and completely negative, but in fact they are symptoms of an expanding consciousness. Dr. Kazimierz Dąbrowski has spent 45 years piecing together the consummate picture of the growth of the human psyche from primitive integration at birth; the person with potential for development will experience growth as a loosening of the stable psychic structure accompanied by symptoms of psychoneuroses. Reality becomes multileveled, the choices between higher and lower realms of behavior occupy our thought and marker usa as man. Dąbrowski called this process positive disintegration, he declares that psychoneurosis is not an disease and he insists that development does not come up through psychotherapy but that psychotherapy is automatic when the person is conscious of his development.

To Dąbrowski, existent therapy is autopsychotherapy; information technology is the self being aware of the self through a long inner investigation; a mapping of the inner surroundings. There are no techniques to eliminate symptoms considering the symptoms constitute the very psychic richness from which grow an increasing awareness of trunk, mind, humanity and cosmos. Dąbrowski gives nascency to that procedure if he tin.

Without intense and painful introspection and reflection, evolution is unlikely. Psychoneurotic symptoms should exist embraced and transformed into anxieties virtually homo problems of an always higher order. If psychoneuroses keep to be classified equally mental affliction, then perhaps it is a sickness better than wellness.

"Without passing through very difficult experiences and even something like psychoneurosis and neurosis nosotros cannot understand human beings and nosotros cannot realize our multidimensional and multilevel development toward higher and higher levels." Dąbrowski.

* From the Filmwest moving-picture show, Exist Greeted Psychoneurotics.

Dąbrowski captured the essence of psychoneuroses and development in his poem: Exist Greeted Psychoneurotics.

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▣ 1.5 An Fantabulous Review.

The foundation of the theory of positive disintegration is the assertion about the multi-level structure of reality. In Dąbrowski's works, reality is divers as a multifaceted and multilevel totality of phenomena that occur in the external and internal environs of a human being and are perceived by him, grasped, and also experienced through the senses and mental, emotional, imaginative and intuitive activities, interconnected. Thus, multilevelness concerns both the totality of reality and its individual elements or phenomena. Also human, his functioning and the structure of his psyche, along with the factors dynamizing its changes, are subject to description and explanation in terms of a multi-level structure.

According to the theory of positive disintegration, the drives characterizing a person and individual functions: perception, feelings, thinking, images, intuition, are varied according to the level of feel and action. To illustrate the horizontal differentiation in feeling, expression, and the pregnant of a specific drive, Dąbrowski often refers to the differences between the sexual instinct and mature love. Another, more concrete and pictorial example of multilevelness may concern products and experiences of an artful nature. Dąbrowski describes a horizontal upward ascent:

"... from rhythmicity and trip the light fantastic sensuality, to religious dances, from sensuality and rhythmic music of the Beatles, releasing moto-sensual tensions, to music that introduces us to silence, reflection, and fifty-fifty existential and transcendental moods (Mozart, Bach, Beethoven and others ). The same phenomenon occurs in painting and sculpture, ranging from obviously naturalistic, not-individualized sculptures and primitive-naturalistic painting, to the heights of Greek sculpture, revival architecture with Michelangelo at the forefront, impressionism and abstractionism ... " (Dąbrowski, 1989 a, p. 29).

... in the theory of positive disintegration, evolution of a person is tantamount to development towards identity and personality. It is virtually moving to college and higher levels of functioning. The development potential is greater at subsequent levels of development. It increases with an increase in the number and dynamics of factors contained in the personal mental structure, factors that decide the ability to cocky-regulate feel and behavior. The dependence of the evolution potential on the complexity of the mental construction and its dynamisms results, according to Dąbrowski, from the fact that the driving force backside all changes are internal conflicts, requiring decisions that may be developmentally positive. The emergence of conflicts is of form the more than probable the more than circuitous and dynamic a person'southward internal construction is.

Traditionally understood, integration is something functional, beneficial, desirable and - as a result - positive. Disintegration, on the other hand, perceived through the prism of association with the disintegration, or fifty-fifty the disuse of certain wholes, is more often than not treated as a negative and non-functional process. The theory of positive disintegration undermines this stereotypical, unambiguous conceptualization of both categories. Both processes - integration and disintegration - can have both positive and negative effects. Therefore, their role and meaning cannot be categorized at the poles: favorable - unfavorable, good - bad.

The theory of positive disintegration distinguishes five levels of development: from primary integration, through three levels of disintegration, to secondary integration. The lowest level of primary integration is non-functional, both individually and socially. At this level, the integrity of the mental construction, its cohesiveness, is of little benefit. On the contrary, information technology tin can crusade self-approbation - beautiful indifference. Information technology inhibits the influence of the factors that dynamize the changes and encourage positive efforts. Disintegration processes are an opportunity to motility beyond the stage of developmental deadlock. They loosen or break the cohesiveness of the primary - drive and impulsive - mental structure, its functions, ways of experiencing and interim. By breaking downwardly and differentiating the personal structure, they cause crises and conflicts, and - equally a result - create the demand to bargain with the disturbance of integrity.

As Dąbrowski uses the concepts of identity and personality in an inconsistent manner, it is necessary to initially systematize his position on the consequence of identity and personality.

The theory of positive disintegration assumes that every human being is a person. Personality and identity, on the other paw, are the result of such transformations of a person's mental structure that lead him to achieve the highest of the 5 levels of development - the level of secondary integration. Although the author of the theory applies the concepts of identity and personality in relation to the previous levels, it is probably the result of the lack of terms differentiating qualitatively different characteristics of different developmental statuses. On the one manus, Dąbrowski sometimes talks about the lower levels of personality, or about having 2 personalities at the everyman level of disintegration. On the other hand, the author emphasizes in many places that the level of personality is tantamount to the level of secondary integration, and personality is the effect of reaching this level.

Personality is a mental structure that forms at the highest level of personal development. Building a personality is related to the development of two essences in the psychological structure of a person, individual and social, which are conceptually synonymous with identity. Although essences and personality constitute a structural and functional whole, the stabilization of an essence precedes a consummate transformation of psychic structure into personality. Therefore, in the light of the findings of the theory of positive disintegration, identity is a preliminary - and necessary - status of personality.

Main integration

Primitive integration is sometimes referred to by Dąbrowski equally primitive integration. The mental structure of people at this level is developmentally the lowest. It is a coherent, impulsive and drive structure that mechanically regulates experience and behavior. At this level, mental functions are integrated, well organized, and unconscious. Their goal is direct satisfaction derived from meeting primitive, genetically conditioned needs. Since people on the level of primary integration do not have an internal mental environment adult or have only "faint seeds", they are not exposed to contradictions and instability of drives, feelings and aspirations, and do non experience internal conflicts that could disturb the coherence of their mental structure. When encountering difficulties from external reality, the primordially integrated persons may display some form of disintegration. In general, all the same, these are weak and periodic disintegrations, which do not lead to changes in the mental structure. When the stress factor subsides, people return to their initial land, ie to the "primitive adaptation attitude" (Dąbrowski, 1979, p. x).

People whose development has stopped at the level of primary integration are not able to reverberate, evaluate, select or eliminate constitutional and ecology influences. They perceive reality in a narrow, i-sided way. Their experiences and behaviors are mechanically regulated by direct stimuli. They lack a fully adult time perspective - they practise not understand the role played by the flow of time on the stage of constantly changing reality. Consequently, they cannot put themselves in the face of imagining their own death. A further consequence is insensitivity to the death and suffering of others. In describing the status of primitive integration, Dąbrowski emphasizes the inability to empathize and - more mostly - a depression level of emotionality. He too notices that the primitivism of emotional functions tin can get hand in manus with one-sided intellectual development. Mental and imaginative functions remain and then an instrument for the realization of primary drive goals.

According to Dąbrowski, the status of primary integration is appropriate for a pregnant part of the population - for "the majority of the so-called average people "(Dąbrowski, 1989 b, p. 53). The development potential of people who are representatives of the and then-called the statistical norm is small. In the case of people from among the "majority", the chance to brighten the perspective of individual evolution lies in the unequal cohesiveness of their primary psychological construction and in the events of external reality that violate the integrity of this structure:
"The structure of an private may exist more or less prone to disintegration, therefore it may exist stimulated by stresses and harsh experiences. These environmental factors that influence the tendency to disintegrate, thus determine the possibilities of active development ... " (Dąbrowski, 1979, p. x).

I-level disintegration

The theory of positive disintegration distinguishes four types of factors causing the first, i.east. the everyman, form of disintegration in people. Two of them are internal in nature and are related either to normative conflicts emerging in the course of the life wheel, or to individual psychophysical properties. The other two categories of factors are of an external nature. The first of them includes changes taking identify in the life state of affairs of a person, requiring them to develop new forms of adaptation. The 2nd category of external factors includes such changes or events in the environment of the individual that cause stiff injuries or trigger the disease process (cf. Kobierzycki, 1989, p. 46). One-level disintegration is thus caused by a broad class of phenomena. It tin can be a reaction to the decease of a loved i, chore loss or a car blow. Information technology may appear: Kazimierz Dąbrowski'south theory of positive disintegration ...

"... during development crises, eg in the periods of puberty and menopause, overcoming difficulties in an unfavorable external situation or under the influence of certain psychological and psychopathological factors, such as nervousness and psychoneurosis" (Dąbrowski, 1979, p. 12).

People characterized by ane-level disintegration testify strong ambiguity and ambitiousness which, by affecting their relations with the environment, may crusade numerous external conflicts. They are passive in the face of cyclically changing internal states, fall into extreme moods (with the dominance of negative states - depression and sadness), toss between a sense of inferiority and a sense of superiority, and between feelings of harmony with the external environs and an mental attitude of rebellion and hostility towards the surround. Subject area to conflicting drives and changing moods, they behave in an unstable and inconsistent manner.

One-level disintegration loosens, and in some cases even breaks, the mental structure. The processes of the simplest class of disintegration do not, however, comprehend the entire personal psychological structure, but run on one level of information technology. Since unmarried-level disintegration is dominated by automated dynamisms, poorly or not at all unconscious and not subject field to personal control, the processes of decomposition outweigh the processes of reconstruction. At the first level of disintegration, there is yet no third factor. People lack an internal disposition center and autonomy that would allow them to consciously regulate the transformations of the internal structure. They also lack a articulate and stable hierarchy of values ​​that would set a developmental direction for the breakdown of the mental construction. For this reason, the end of ane-level disintegration is most often regression, tantamount to reintegration at the original level. The consequence of the prolonged process of ane-level disintegration may be severe mental disorders, peculiarly psychoses and suicidal tendencies.

It happens that one-level disintegration takes forms similar to the initial stages of multi-level disintegration. If information technology is discipline to gradual differentiation over a greater number of levels, then information technology should be treated as a preliminary stage of multi-level disintegration. Dąbrowski claims, still, that a significant role of the population is susceptible merely to i-level disintegration. Most people's mental structure is characterized past a strong integration of drives, low plasticity and emotional sensitivity, piddling ability to sublimate, and a narrow range of abilities. The evaluation processes are subordinated to external norms in the majority of cases, and the activities undertaken by people focus on meeting specific needs, often created past the cultural and social environment. Even when - under the influence of internal or external disintegrating factors - people who belong to the majority described by Dąbrowski undertake developmental challenges, their efforts are unremarkably counterbalanced by a stiff tendency to return here to the structure of chief integration and end in regression (Dąbrowski, 1964, p. 26; cf. Kobierzycki, 1989, p. 49).

Multilevel spontaneous disintegration

Dąbrowski sometimes describes the multi-level spontaneous disintegration equally impulsive and insufficiently organized. It differs from single-level disintegration in the degree of complication of the processes that characterize it. Complication is the upshot of breaking downwardly mental structures and functions into private levels, described by Dąbrowski as lower and higher. The personal internal structure becomes a hierarchical structure. Structures of unlike levels are in opposition to each other, there are clashes between their elements. As a result, people are subject to stiff internal conflicts and crises, which dynamise the changes in the mental structure.

Conflicts and crises resulting from the deviation in levels cause states of high mental tension. Mental stress, in plow, causes diverse forms of neurosis - depressive, anxious and obsessive, hysteria and psychasthenia. The advent of their symptoms indicates:
"... slow activation of bureaucracy mechanisms revealing channels upwards. At that place are strong tensions, dramatic and even tragic experiences, but in that location is considerable aid in solving them precisely through the hierarchy of development. There are times of breakdowns, even suicides, periodic deterioration of the land of neuroses and psychoneuroses, crises on the road due to diverse forms of increased mental excitability, but at the aforementioned fourth dimension mental resilience and the ability to solve many complicated problems increases" (Dąbrowski, 1989 b, pp. 54-55).

Information technology should exist noted hither that Dąbrowski distinguishes between neuroses of a lower level and neuroses characteristic of college developmental statuses. A phobia in response to external trauma is non the same as an existential fear phobia. The first appears in people who are disintegrated at one level and, in general, is associated with a regression to chief integration. The second type of phobia is the upshot of increased mental excitability, characteristic of multi-level disintegration. The appearance of its symptoms ways the person enters the regal path of development.

The mental operation of individuals on the level of multi-level spontaneous disintegration is varied and dynamic. In the mental structure, an democratic third cistron is formed and evolved, which gradually takes control over experience and behavior. People gain the ability to self-reflection and self-esteem. The developing emotionality of higher levels allows the discovery of a hierarchy of values ​​and goals, which also gains importance in the regulation of feeling and action. The multi-level processes of loosening and breaking the mental structure are an expression of crossing the biological cycle, departing from the rectilinear dependence on development phases, freeing oneself from genetic and social determinants. At this stage, the anxiety experienced by individuals is described equally existential, and crises and conflicts are often of a moral nature. Dąbrowski wrote on this topic:
"Attitudes of hesitation are replaced by a growing sense of what should be, as opposed to what is in one's own personality structure. Internal conflicts are big and represent the hierarchical organisation of emotional and intellectual life - what is against what should exist " (Dąbrowski, 1989, p. 43).

As conflicts and crises are a symptom of entering a higher level of development, spontaneous multi-level disintegration is of fundamental importance for developmental transformations and is treated every bit an initial grade of multi-level organized disintegration. The spontaneous multilevel structure does non yet have a degree of organization sufficient for integration on the secondary level and the formation of a personal identity and personality. However, the personality ideal that ruthlessly dynamizes further transformations is formed in information technology.

Organized multi-level disintegration

The specificity of multi-level organized disintegration tin exist inferred from its name. They distinguish themselves from the previous form of disintegration by a higher level of systematization. What characterizes people at this phase of evolution is a clearly formed democratic factor and a highly developed bureaucracy of values ​​and goals. Therefore, people no longer experience such strong tensions and conflicts, they are characterized by:
"... quite a meaning psychological calming, organization and systematization of development and a much college share of cogitating elements" (Dąbrowski, 1989 b, p. 55).

A homo whose internal reality is organized in a multi-level disintegration is capable of self-reflection and cocky-assessment to the extent that allows him to purposefully transform his own mental construction and his attitude towards the environment. Every bit evolution factors characteristic of the tertiary level of disintegration, Dąbrowski lists: the third factor enabling conscious differentiation and pick, the dynamism of the subject field-object in itself, the dynamism of a high level of empathy, the dynamism of intra-psychological transformation, self-awareness and self-control, and the dynamics of self-teaching and cocky-psychotherapy.

Secondary integration

At the fifth level of development, the mental structure is reintegrated. This, of course, is not to render the structure to the state information technology was before its loosening or disintegration, merely to organize it at a college level. Secondary integration is: "... with the level of secondary harmonization subsequently the private goes through the phases of one-level and multi-level disintegration, through heavy internal and external experiences, through the stage of lowering dynamisms of lower and growth of higher dynamisms" (Dąbrowski, 1989b, p. 55).

Dąbrowski emphasizes, however, that: "Secondary integration can be realized in many ways; it may include: a render to the previous forms of integration in a more perfect form (I), a transition to a new form of integration, but with the aforementioned primitive elements of the construction without a higher hierarchy of values ​​and goals (II), or a transition to a new structural course with a new , a higher hierarchy of values ​​(Iii). The latter path is the most appropriate path for the mental evolution of the internal environment" (Dąbrowski, 1979, pp. 27-28).

Only at the level of secondary integration, and merely in the case of its 3rd variant, do people have a formed identity, and their psychological construction is a personality. The dominant development factors are then: the highest level of self-awareness and empathy bachelor to the study, autonomy and authenticity, responsibility, shaping all major interests and talents, and the personality ideal. The most powerful dynamism, the master factor of further development is the personality ideal, congenital on the foundation of two essences - private and social. Private essence contains the most important interests and abilities of persons that, her lasting and unique bonds of friendship and love, and a conscious sense of identity with her own development history, with herself in the present and with cocky-projection into the future. The social essence, too known equally mutual or universal, includes empathy, responsibility, autonomy, authenticity and a high degree of social awareness. Dąbrowski, I am writing: "These 2 essences constitute two closely related groups of bones personality traits, each of which is a sine qua non condition for the existence and development of the other" (Dąbrowski, 1989 b, pp. 55-56).

The content of both essences is the foundation for a personality shaped by one'southward ideal. The personality platonic and its essence institute a functional whole, leading to the development in the mental structure of cardinal individual and social qualities, which form into a fix of permanent, private-specific properties and functions. The personality characteristics created in this style are not subject to qualitative modifications in the course of their lives. On the other hand, the mental structure retains the possibility of quantitative changes and the ability to acquire less significant boosted properties. After the formation of the personality, development mainly consists in confirming and improving its typical features and forms of activeness.

Individuals who have reached the personality level have a stable hierarchy of values ​​and goals governing their experience and behavior. They no longer feel normative internal conflicts, they do not hesitate between what is and what should be. They bear witness a stiff tendency to altruistic actions and are characterized by a high level of compassion, described by Dąbrowski equally universal. Achieving secondary integration is therefore non only of individual importance. Since information technology can accept considerable social consequences, striving for the level of personality has a moral dimension and, therefore, is treated postulatively past Dąbrowski.

In this context, allow the terminal decision be the postulate of taking a closer look at the theory of positive disintegration and taking seriously both its entirety and the detailed findings it offers - including those relating to identity and personality. Despite the fact that Dąbrowski's concept seems to get to extremes - moving from idealism, or even romanticism, to a very pessimistic cess of the possibility of the realization of personal potential by the majority of people, perhaps it is worth considering again. Once again, because there was a time when the theoretical and practical importance of theory was reflected in publications and briefing debates. Many of its claims have made personality psychology a dead end. The theory of positive disintegration could provide a new (old?) Impulse to research and analyze the bug of identity and personality

Above from google translate, Tylikowska, A. (2000) Teoria dezintegracji pozytywnej Kazimierza Dąbrowskiego. Trud rozwoju ku tożsamości i osobowości. (Kazimierz Dąbrowski's theory of positive disintegration. A struggle to develop towards identity and personality.) In: Gałdowa, A. (ed.) Tożsamość człowieka. (The human identity.) Kraków: Wydawnictwo UJ.

▣ 1.6 Verse form.

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Pinnacle

■ 2. Learning the theory.

▣ ii.1 TPD 101. Brusque film. *

▣ 2.2 TPD 201. Main PowerPoint.

▣ ii.3 TPD 301. Central points, unique constructs, glossary.

▣ 2.four TPD 401. Secondary PowerPoint.

▣ 2.v TPD 501. Original works download.

▣ 2.6 201/401 Appendixes.

▣ two.vii 201/401 Master References.

⧈  * By Zeke Degraw, used with permission.

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■ 3. Bibliography

▣ 3.1 Synopsis of Dąbrowski'due south major English books.

• ⧈ Dąbrowski, 1000. (1964). Positive disintegration. Boston: Little Dark-brown & Co.
• ⧈ Dąbrowski, K. (1967). Personality-shaping through positive disintegration. Boston: Footling Brown & Co.
• ⧈ Dąbrowski, K. (with Kawczak, A., & Piechowski, M. M.). (1970). Mental growth through positive disintegration. London: Gryf Publications.
• ⧈ Dąbrowski, Chiliad. (1972). Psychoneurosis is non an illness. London: Gryf Publications.
• ⧈ Dąbrowski, Chiliad. (with Kawczak, A., & Sochanska, J.). (1973). The dynamics of concepts. London: Gryf Publications.
• ⧈ Dąbrowski, One thousand. (1979, March). Nix can be inverse here. (E. Mazurkiewicz, Trans.), Peter Rolland (Ed.). (Privately Printed).
• ⧈ Dąbrowski, One thousand. (1996). Multilevelness of emotional and instinctive functions. Part one: Theory and description of levels of beliefs. Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. [ Published in English with a new preface by Czeslaw Cekiera. 446 pages. ISBN # 83-86668-51-2. Published in i soft cover binding forth with Part two.]
• ⧈ Dąbrowski, One thousand. & Piechowski, M. M. (with Rankel, M., & Amend, D. R.). (1996). Multilevelness of emotional and instinctive functions. Part 2: Types and Levels of Evolution. Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. [Published in English language with a new preface past Czeslaw Cekiera. 446 pages. ISBN # 83-86668-51-2. Published in i soft encompass bounden with Part 1.]

▣ iii.2 A full bibliography of Dąbrowski's work and works related to Dąbrowski's Theory.

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■ 4. Biographies.

▣  iv.i Biographies.

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■ 5. Congresses.

▣  5.1 Past events.

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■ vi. Miscellaneous.

▣   6.1 The Kazimierz Dąbrowski Medal

▣  half-dozen.two Eugenia Dąbrowski.

▣  half dozen.3 Dąbrowski's Grave.

▣  vi.4 Dąbrowski in Edmonton.

▣  vi.5 More Dąbrowski.

▣  6.half dozen In Memoriam.

▣six.seven View videos of Dąbrowski.

There are 2 first-class video athenaeum of Dąbrowski. When he commencement arrived at the University of Alberta in nigh 1968, Leo Mos was asked to interview him with a panel of students from the Center for Theoretical Psychology leading to a six-60 minutes interview. 2nd, one of his early students, P. J. Reese, made 2 half-hr movies of Dąbrowski. These have been digitalized and posted to YouTube.

⧈Yard. Dąbrowski interviews - University of Alberta - c. 1968

⧈Two Chiliad. Dąbrowski movies by Reese - c. 1975

▣vi.8 Wikipedia Link.

▣6.9 Positive Disintegration Podcast Link.

▣6.10 Adults With Overexcitabilities Link.

▣vi.eleven Tragic Souvenir Link.

▣6.12 Other Dąbrowski Related Web Links.

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■ vii. TPD Discussions.

▣  vii.ane Issues.

▣  vii.two Dąbrowski's Levels.

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◼ A. Other Cloth.

▣ A.1 Posttraumatic Growth.

▣ A.2 Positive Psychology.

▣ A.three Psychopathy.

▣ A.4 Maslow's Ideas.

▣ A.5 Maslow Bibliography.

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◼  B. Webpage Data.

▣ B.1 Facebook discussion group:

⧈  Y'all can join at: https://www.facebook.com/groups/DabrowskiInternational/

▣ B.2 Contact:

⧈  This site was start posted Oct 26, 1995, and is maintained past Bill Tillier, e-mail: bill.tillier@gmail.com

▣ B.3 Other:

⧈ Website credits and copyrights:

⧈ The cloth on this site is protected past the provisions of the Copyright Deed, by Canadian laws, policies, regulations and international agreements. Such provisions serve to identify the information source and, in specific instances, to prohibit reproduction of materials without written permission.

Thanks.

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Source: https://www.positivedisintegration.com/

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